Organometallic Reagents in Synthesis looks at the properties and reactions of main group organometallic compounds, placing particular emphasis on their applications in synthesis. The book adopts a logical approach to this area of organic chemistry, and provides an account of all aspects of the field. Study problems are included at chapter ends, along with suggestions for further reading on the topic.
Book
Organic Synthesis describes the properties and reactions of organoboranes and organosilanes, emphasizing how they can be used to provide simple solutions to a variety of synthetic problems. Compounds of boron and silicon are widely used in organic synthesis, and their study forms a core in many chemistry courses. Helpful study questions are provided at the end of each section, and the suggested further reading provides a useful guide to more advanced work in the field.
Book
Jon McCleverty
Chemistry of the First Row Transition Metals introduces this field of chemistry. The reactivity and structural properties of first-row transition metals and their compounds depend on the electronic configuration of the d electrons of the metal. The book describes the most significant structures, reactions, and other important properties of co-ordination, organometallic and solid-state compounds, and also sketches the role of first-row transition metals in biology.
Book
John R. Chipperfield
Non-Aqueous Solvents covers the principles and uses of non-aqueous solvents. Solvents other than water are used in chemical analysis, chemical manufacturing, and in specialist syntheses. The book first discusses the general properties of solvents, and introduces the necessary concepts for making rational choices of solvents for different applications. There is a discussion of the various chemical interactions between solvents and the substances dissolved in them, and how solvents change the course of reactions. The chemistry of sixteen common solvents is examined, emphasising the advantages and disadvantages of each. The book concludes with an account of the chemistry of molten salts and discusses the use of low melting temperature compounds as synthetic media.
Chapter
Leaving groups
This chapter explains leaving groups. It discusses the energy profile in line with leaving groups by using a diagram to emphasize its points. The chapter notes bond strength and stability as factors which are important for a good leaving group. Leaving group ability is a good guide to working out which reactions will go and which will not. The chapter highlights how some reactions do not occur despite their predicted mechanisms. It shares how relative energies of the species are vital in predicting whether reactions will go readily or not. The chapter also shows how to reverse reactions that do not take place by using ketone reacting to acyl chlorides as an example. It cites neutral nitrogen as the best leaving group.
Chapter
Competing reactions
This chapter explores the possible outcomes for a given set of reactions. It examines the reactions of carbonyls with hydroxide which would result in the formation of enolates, isotopic labelling, and energy profiles for alternative reactions. The chapter notes how reactions can be manipulated by changing the alkylating agent and changing the solvent. It explains how unsymmetrical enolates will be formed following the removal of hydrogen from unsymmetrical ketones. Thermodynamic and kinetic products also impact the formation of enolates. In addition, the chapter looks at how substitution and elimination could incite various reactions. It concludes by examining the importance of chemists understanding why and how reactions occur.
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Tadashi Okuyama and Howard Maskill
Organic Chemistry
begins by looking at chemical bonding and molecules. The text moves on to molecular structure and the shape of organic molecules. Other topics covered include organic compounds, conjugation, pi-electron delocalization, aromaticity, acids and bases. Chapters also examine organic reactions, nucleophilic addition, stereochemistry, reactions of alcohols and addition reactions of alkenes and alkynes. There are also chapters on enolate anions, enolate ions, and reactions of nucleophiles with alkenes and aromatic compounds. The text next turns to polycyclic and heterocyclic aromatic compounds, rearrangement reactions, pericyclic reactions, and rearrangement reactions involving polar molecules and ions. Finally, the text discusses biomolecules, chemistry of biomolecules, and the structural determination of organic compounds.
Chapter
Energy
Powering Biochemical Processes
This chapter considers the notion of energy. Energy underpins the maintenance of life. Living cells resemble chemical factories within which thousands of reactions take place, and each reaction involves transformations of matter and energy. The chapter explains the function and features of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as a universal energy currency. It also outlines the principles of food oxidation and the harnessing of energy. Enzymes act as biological catalysts because they lower the activation energy required before a reaction can happen. The chapter also tackles the electron affinity of electron carriers or hydrogen carriers. These determine what can donate electrons.
Chapter
Alcohols
This chapter focuses on alcohols (ROH) which have at least one hydroxyl group bonded to a carbon atom. Alcohols are known to undergo two reactions similar to the reactions of halogenoalkanes. Additionally, esters are formed through an alcohol's reaction to carboxylic acids. Alcohols also undergo oxidation reactions. The chapter explores the main manufacturing processes for ethanol which are fermentation and the direct hydration of ethene. It also considers the nucleophilic substitution and oxidation reactions of alcohols. The elimination reactions coincide with alcohol being dehydrated through heating with acid. However, conditions depend on the specific alcohol involved in the process as some of the alcohols could produce more than a single product.
Chapter
Nitroso compounds
This chapter looks into the synthesis and reactions of N-oxides. The N-heteroatom bond of N-oxides is not introduced intact in the synthesis of compounds. However, it is delivered in an oxidation reaction. It notes peracid as the usual oxidant which is either used directly or generated in place from a carboxylic acid or hydrogen peroxide mixture. It also highlights how N-oxides are vital for aeffecting
syn
eliminations as the N-oxide acts similarly to a quaternary ammonium compound with an internal alkoxide base. Finally, the chapter uses diagrams to emphasise how the synthesis and reactions occurs.
Chapter
Enamines
This chapter looks into imines. It enumerates the key features of imines: oxidation level two, susceptibility to nucleophilic attack on carbon, and easy protonation in relation to producing reactive iminium ions. Imines are prepared from the reaction of an aldehyde or a ketone with a primary amine. Thus, the reaction is driven primarily through the removal of water. Imine will be more stable than simple aliphatic imines if it is conjugated by an aromatic ring. The chapter discusses the reactions of imines through attack by carbon nucleophiles, the Vilsmeyer reaction, the Mannich reaction, reduction, and hydrolysis. Additionally, the chapter shows that the reduction to amines is readily achieved via hydrogenation of hydride reducing conditions.
Chapter
Energy
Powering Biochemical Processes
This chapter considers the notion of energy. Energy underpins the maintenance of life. Living cells resemble chemical factories within which thousands of reactions take place, and each reaction involves transformations of matter and energy. The chapter explains the function and features of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as a universal energy currency. It also outlines the principles of food oxidation and the harnessing of energy. Enzymes act as biological catalysts because they lower the activation energy required before a reaction can happen. The chapter also tackles the electron affinity of electron carriers or hydrogen carriers. These determine what can donate electrons.
Book
Elaine M. McCash
Surface Chemistry conveys the fundamental concepts of surface chemistry. It describes solid surfaces, their properties at macroscopic and microscopic levels and their interrelation, and reflects the striking advances made in recent years through the study of well-defined single crystal surfaces. It begins with a discussion of the clean surface, its electronic and structural properties and goes on to describe adsorption, desorption, reactions, and reactivity at the surface. In the final section, the growth and properties of ultrathin films is introduced. Starting with the established concepts in terms of kinetics and thermodynamics, the book develops to look at phenomena such as surface dynamics and photochemistry. Important techniques which are applied to surfaces are also covered; this is a concept-driven rather than technique-driven approach.
Book
Robert S. Ward
Bifunctional Compounds outlines some of the methods used to prepare bifunctional compounds and then surveys the chemistry of some of the more important classes. Most important organic molecules contain more than one functional group, and very often the interaction between these groups determines the chemical and biological behaviour of the compounds. Individual chapters look at the preparation of bifunctional compounds, reactions of dienes, of diols, of hydroxy- and aminocarbonyl compounds, of dicarbonyl compounds, and of unsaturated carbonyl compounds. The text also covers enamines, enol ethers, enolates, allyl compounds, and cyclization and polymerization.
Chapter
Calculations in the molecular biosciences
This chapter assesses some general principles important in any calculations involved in studying proteins, and then focuses on how to study the individual components of reactions. This includes the preparation and dilution of solutions and how spectrophotometry can be used to check concentrations in some cases. The chapter considers the Système Internationale (SI) system of units, as well as the concepts of moles and molarity. It is important to note that the term mole can refer to molecules, atoms, subatomic particles, photons, etc. The chapter then describes the behaviour of acids, bases, and buffers, before looking at the specific activities of proteins and the manner in which their purification is recorded. An acid can be defined as a substance which has a tendency to donate H+ ions and a base as a substance which has a tendency to accept H+ ions.
